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Star topology, as shown in Figure 1.3, is a very common topology. Local telephone networks use star topology from the telephone socket at home to the telephone switch in the telephone building. The local telephone switches are invariably star-connected to several transit switches, which belong to the next higher level of the switch architecture.
Figure 1.3 A star topology connecting four stations (Forouzan 2007, 11)
Old local area networks (LAN) using bus topology have changed to star topology. The role of the central hub varies: it can passively repeat all data to all links, or it can screen the data and pass data only to selected links.
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