Chapter 12

a. There are various ways of answering this question, but the answer should include something about the application of ethics to the new capabilities and cultural norms brought about by information technology.

a. A code of ethics is a document that outlines a set of acceptable behaviors for a professional or social group. Answers may differ for the second part, but from the text: one advantage of a code of ethics is that it clarifies the acceptable standards of behavior for a professional group. One disadvantage is that it does not necessarily have legal authority.

a. Intellectual property is defined as “property (as an idea, invention, or process) thatderives from the work of the mind or intellect.”

a. Copyright protections address the following: who can make copies of the work, who can make derivative works from the original work, who can perform the work publicly, who can display the work publicly, and who can distribute the work. You obtain a copyright as soon as the work is put into tangible form.

a. Fair use is a limitation on copyright law that allows for the use of protected works without prior authorization in specific cases.

a. Once a patent is granted, it provides the inventor with protection from others infringing on the patent. In the US, a patent holder has the right to “exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling the invention throughout the United States or importing the invention into the United States for a limited time in exchange for public disclosure of the invention when the patent is granted.” You obtain a patent by filing an application with the patent office. A patent will be granted if the work is deemed to be original, useful, and non-obvious.

a. A trademark protects a word, phrase, logo, shape, or sound that identifies a source of goods or services. You can obtain one by registering with the Patent and Trademark Office (US). There is also a common-law trademark.

a. Information about a person that can be used to uniquely establish that person’s identity is called personally identifiable information, or PII.

a. The answers are as follows:

i. HIPAA: protects records related to health care as a special class of personally identifiable information.

ii. COPPA: protects information collected from children under the age of thirteen.

a. There are various ways to answer this. The basic answer is that NORA (non-obvious relationship awareness) is the process of collecting large quantities of a variety of information and then combining it to create profiles of individuals.