Promoting entrepreneurship education in Spain

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Spain’s Ministry of Education is charged, among other things, with the general programming of the educational system, the minimum curricular contents, and defining educational standards. For its part, the Ministry of Industry, responsible for policies supporting SMEs and enterprise creation, is charged with the dissemination and follow-up of Community directives for policies in support of entrepreneurship; it also carries out actions for fostering and promoting entrepreneurial initiative, sometimes in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, in fulfilment of Spain’s 2006 Plan for Business Promotion. Added to these difficulties in coordination is the fact that, in Spain, powers in education have been transferred to the corresponding Autonomous Communities into which the country is divided (Figure 4.1), making it even more difficult to establish joint and unified programmes in regard to entrepreneurship education.

Figure 4.1 Autonomous Communities of Spain

In 2003 Spain’s DG for SMEs held a series of institutional contacts with the Ministry of Education with the idea of including entrepreneurial initiative as a basic competency to be attained in education, and to name experts from that Ministry to the work groups and meetings on the matter organized by the European Commission’s DG of Enterprise and Industry. Likewise, Spain’s DG for SMEs informed the EU of the best practices that, in this aspect, were beginning to be developed in Spain, underscoring the case of Valnalón in Asturias.

Since then, this DG has continued systematically to disseminate the European directives in this matter in order to incorporate this European objective as a basic aspect of Spanish public policies, both in the General State Administration and in the Autonomous Communities, and has continued to keep the EU informed of the most important Spanish experiences in this sense. With the reform of Constitutional Act 2/2006, of 3 May, of Education (LOE), the DG for SMEs again worked together with the Ministry of Education to ensure that entrepreneurial initiative was included in the Act as one of the major basic goals of the educational system, a matter which in the end was indeed included in the LOE. Both Ministries have also collaborated on the development of curricular contents in the different types of education. Since then, and up until now, the different laws and regulations relating to education have tried to spotlight the importance of this topic, which has now been officially introduced into the Royal Decrees on Teaching.

Nonetheless, even before the LOE was passed, quite a few enterprise-creating initiatives had been developing for some years in secondary and vocational schools in many of Spain’s Autonomous Communities: Asturias, Extremadura, Galicia, etc. Some of them collaborate with each other and share educational methodologies and materials, as is the case of the EJE and EME programmes created by Valnalón in Asturias and implemented in many other Autonomous Communities.

Other important work that must be mentioned is that carried out by the Junior Achievement Foundation 1 since its establishment in Spain in 2001. Junior Achievement collaborates directly with schools all over Spain to prepare and inspire young people to be successful in a global economy by generating an entrepreneurial mind-set through different educational activities and competitions.

The compilation of these and other experiences is based on the publication, “Fostering an Entrepreneurial Mind-set in Schools” (Spanish Higher Council of Chambers of Commerce and the Ministry of Education, Social Policy and Sport - 2009), which contains an analysis of the situation in Spain, reflecting certain experiences and best practices in education, and the works by Sánchez, et al 2, 3. These references have helped to identify existing best practices and they have been thoroughly and systematically updated, taking into account the new normative framework. For this task, the information used was provided by the different Regional Ministries of Education, Industry and Labour of Spain’s Autonomous Communities, as well as information supplied by Chambers of Commerce and European Centres for Enterprise and Innovation.

We now move on to the entrepreneurship initiatives carried out in Spain by its Autonomous Communities. Some projects had to be left out because they are just getting started, and there may be others that as yet we have been unable to detect. This first sample of programmes and activities, however, can serve as a summarized and synthesized approach to the situation of entrepreneurship education in Spain, classified by Autonomous Regions. Table 4.2 lists the main entrepreneurship education programmes that are still currently in force in each of the Autonomous Communities. The column marked “Results” specifies the number of schools involved and the number of students that participated during the last year for which data is available, usually 2010.

Table 4.2 Entrepreneurship Education Projects in Spain’s Autonomous Communities
Autonomous Community	Project name	Began	Educational level	Results
Andalusia	Carabelas	2007-...	Primary	48 schools; 4470 students
	Emprender en mi escuela	2008-...	Primary	22 schools, 1023 students
	ICARO	2008-...	Compulsory Secondary	12 schools, 229 students
	JES, jóvenes emprendedores solidarios	2006	All educational levels	109, 5000 students
	Empresa joven europea	2005	Compulsory Secondary, Upper Secondary, Vocational	53, 1694 students
	Emprende joven	2003	Vocational	1572 schools, 69512 students
	Concursos empresas virtuales	2003	Vocational	85 projects
	Creando empresa	2006-...		82 schools, 1800 students
	Emprender en Europa	2006		18 schools, 600 students
	SEFED, simulación de empresas con fines educativos	2006		11 schools
	Music Hero	2007		34 schools, 853 students
	Emprende en Cádiz	2004-2012	All levels	37 schools, 8568 students
Aragon	Emprender en la escuela	2004	Compulsory Secondary, Upper Secondary	55 schools, 3460 students
Asturias	Una empresa en mi escuela	1998	8-11 years of age	48 schools, 1625 students
	Una empresa en mi centro	2003	8-11 years of age, EE	20 schools, 567 students
	Jóvenes emprendedores sociales	2004	Compulsory Secondary	17 schools, 526 students
	Empresa joven europea	1999	Compulsory Secondary	3400 students
	Eje profesional	2005	Vocational	3400 students
	Taller de Empresarios	1994	17-25 years of age	9000 students
	Jóvenes Productoras Cinematográficas	2003		100 students per year
	Creación y gestión de microempresas	2004	Upper Secondary	400 students
Balearic Islands	Jornadas de autoocupación	2002	Vocational	25 schools, 850 students
	Crea Institut Empresa	2008	Vocational
	Simulación de Empresas	2002	Vocational	15 schools, 640 students
Canary Islands	Una empresa en mi escuela, EME y EJE	2003	Compulsory Secondary, Vocational
Cantabria	Labor ESO	2005	Compulsory Secondary
	Simulación de empresas		Vocational
	Cultura emprendedora		Compulsory Secondary
	Escuela juventud emprendedora	2006		600 students
Castile-La Mancha	Emprender en el aula	2006	Compulsory Secondary
	Innova Junior	2007	Compulsory Secondary, Vocational, Upper Secondary
	Jornadas de creación de empresas	1999	Upper Secondary, FP	240 workshops, 6667 attendees
Castile-Leon	Vitamina E-Primaria	2007	Primary	26 schools, 236 students
	Vitamina E-Iniciativa Emprendedora	2004	Compulsory Secondary (4th yr.)	123 schools, 2420 students.
	Vitamina E-Upper Secondary	2007	Upper Secondary	293 schools
	Aprende a emprender	2002	Vocational	193 schools, 14000 students
Cataluña	Seminarios de generación de ideas	2007	Compulsory Secondary, Upper Secondary	119 seminars, 53 workshops
	Programa emprendedores	2007	Compulsory Secondary	37 schools
	Estada a l’empresa		Upper Secondary
Community of Valencia	Emprende plus	2010	Compulsory Secondary, Upper Secondary	83 schools, 2537 students
	Motivación para emprender	2003	Upper Secondary	131 workshops, 2790 students
	Motivación para emprender	2009	Compulsory Secondary	11 schools
Extremadura	Imaginar para emprender	2008	Primary	1550 students
	Imagina tu empresa	2005	Upper Secondary, Vocational	54 schools, 1200 students
	Imagina y emprende	2008	Compulsory Secondary
Galicia	FP Plus-Programa idea	2009	Vocational
	Taller iniciativas emprendedoras	2007	Compulsory Secondary	293 schools, 6260 students
	Seminarios para la difusión de la creación de empresas	2008	Upper Secondary, Vocational	23 schools, 644 students
	Empresa e iniciativa emprendedora	2009	Vocational
Madrid	Taller de emprendedores	2006	Compulsory Secondary
	Yo tengo un plan	2006	Compulsory Secondary
	Emprender en formación profesional	2009	Vocational
	Talleres de fomento del espíritu empresarial	2009	Compulsory Secondary, Vocational	350 Workshops
Murcia	Talleres de actitudes emprendedoras	2008	Vocational
	Concurso de ideas empresariales	2008
	Talleres de habilidades empresariales	2009	Compulsory Secondary, Universidad
	Escuela de Jóvenes Emprendedores	2009	Compulsory Secondary, Upper Secondary
	Olimpiada de creatividad	2009	Compulsory Secondary
Navarre	Empresa Joven Europea		Compulsory Secondary
	Guía-activa FP		Vocational
	Concurso Jóvenes Emprendedores		Vocational
Basque Country	Hasi eta hazi primaria	2007	Primary
	Hasi eta hazi secundaria	2007	Compulsory Secondary
	Hasi eta hazi Bachillerato	2007	Upper Secondary
	Kosmodisea	2006	Primary, Compulsory Secondary, Upper Secondary	40 schools, 5430 students
	Gaze	2008	University	1000 students
	Sensibilización	2008	Vocational	30 schools, 3000 students
	Urratsbat	2008	Vocational	40 schools
Rioja	Olimpiada de emprendedores		Vocational, Upper Secondary
	Concurso ideas de negocio	2004	Vocational	104 ideas presented
	Empresa joven educativa	2004	Compulsory Secondary, Vocational	13 cooperatives, 165 students

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