Warren Bennis famously wrote in his book On Becoming a Leader that a manager does things right and leaders do the right thing. 1 Like other leadership scholars, Bennis makes a clear distinction between leadership and management and between managers and leaders. A manager’s behavior and activities focus on controlling, planning, coordinating, and organizing. This differs from a leader, whose behaviors and tasks focus on innovation, vision, motivation, trust, and change. 2
Managers |
Leaders |
Cope with complexity by… |
Cope with change by… |
planning for goals |
setting direction |
budgeting for goals |
developing a future |
establishing agendas and tasks |
having a strategic vision for change |
organizing roles and responsibilities |
aligning of people |
structuring staff and jobs |
communicating direction |
delegating people |
creating coalitions |
monitoring and implementing results |
being commitment focused |
identifying deviations |
motivating and inspiring |
planning and organizing to solve problems |
leveraging human value and potential |
Cultural intelligence requires leadership, not management. It calls for what Ronald Heifetz 3 defines as courageous leadership, that is, the courage to see reality and help others see their realities: the realities of who they are, how they behave, what talents and skill sets they have or are missing in this global world, and what opportunities should be capitalized upon and seized. Leaders must be able to see and anticipate what skill sets are needed in the future, not just develop their employees’ skills for the moment. 4
Culturally intelligent leaders must create an environment where diversity and culture flourish, and where conflicting values can be safely expressed and explored through dialogue. Barry Salzberg, CEO of Deloitte, says that organizations and leaders must ask themselves the hard questions: Does our corporate culture really accept the differences it invites, and do we really embrace the different perspectives that come from increasing our commitment to recruiting? 5 This type of perspective demands leaders who work toward transformation, or what Couto calls citizen leaders, “transforming leaders who engage others in efforts to reach higher levels of human awareness and relationships.” 6
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