您在這裡

首頁 » Principles of Finance » Financial Markets and Institutions » The Federal Reserve System

References

29 四月, 2015 - 15:03
Available under Creative Commons-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
  1. "Born of a panic: Forming the Federal Reserve System". The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. August 1988.
  2. BoG 2006, pp. 1 "Just before the founding of the Federal Reserve, the nation was plagued with financial crises. At times, these crises led to 'panics,' in which people raced to their banks to withdraw their deposits. A particularly severe panic in 1907 resulted in bank runs that wreaked havoc on the fragile banking system and ultimately led Congress in 1913 to write the Federal Reserve Act. Initially created to address these banking panics, the Federal Reserve is now charged with a number of broader responsibilities, including fostering a sound banking system and a healthy economy."
  3. BoG 2005, pp. 1–2
  4. Panic of 1907: J.P. Morgan Saves the Day
  5. Born of a Panic: Forming the Fed System
  6. The Financial Panic of 1907: Running from History
  7. BoG 2005, pp. 1 "It was founded by Congress in 1913 to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system. Over the years, its role in banking and the economy has expanded."
  8. Patrick, Sue C. (1993). Reform of the Federal Reserve System in the Early 1930's: The Politics of Money and Banking. Garland. ISBN 978-0-8153-0970-3.
  9. Template:Usc
  10. "The Congress established two key objectives for monetary policy-maximum employment and stable prices-in the Federal Reserve Act. These objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve's dual mandate". Federalreserve.gov. 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
  11. "FRB: Mission". Federalreserve.gov. 2009-11-06. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
  12. BoG 2005, pp. v (See structure)
  13. "Federal Reserve Districs". Federal Reserve Online. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  14. Advisory Councils – http://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/advisorydefault.htm
  15. "Coins and Currency". US Dept of Treasury website. 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  16. "FAQ - Who owns the Federal Reserve?". Federal Reserve website.
  17. Lapidos, Juliet (2008-09-19). "Is the Fed Private or Public?". Slate. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  18. Toma, Mark (February 1, 2010). "Federal Reserve System". EH. Net Encyclopedia. Economic History Association. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
  19. "Who owns the Federal Reserve Bank?". FactCheck. March 31, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
  20. Appelbaum, Binyamin (March 22, 2011). "Fed Had Profit From Investments of $82 Billion Last Year". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  21. Fed Gives $77 Billion in Profits to Treasury Department Binyamin Appelbaum http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/11/business/economy/fed-returns-77-billion-in-profits-to-treasury.html
  22. Flamme, Karen. "1995 Annual Report: A Brief History of Our Nation's Paper Money". Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  23. Grubb, Farley (March 30, 2006). "Benjamin Franklin And the Birth of a Paper Money Economy" (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  24. "Eventually, the paper money was received for taxes at the rate of £27 in bills of credit for £1 in silver, and destroyed.". Mises.org. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
  25. "The Currency Act of 1764". The Royal Colony of South Carolina. carolana.com. Retrieved January 3, 2012. "This act was not repealed prior to the American Revolution. It had very dire consequences for both North Carolina and South Carolina, both of whose economies were already shaky. The Currency Act was, therefore, a great hardship to trade within and without the colonies and, equally important, proof that the British government put the interests of mother country merchants ahead of theirs. ... The entire text of the Act is provided below." "...and whereas such bills of credit have greatly depreciated in their value, by means whereof debts have been discharged with a much less value than was contracted for, to the great discouragement and prejudice of the trade and commerce of his Majesty's subjects...no act, order, resolution, or vote of assembly, in any of his Majesty's colonies or plantations in America, shall be made, for creating or issuing any paper bills, or bills of credit of any kind or denomination whatsoever, declaring such paper bills, or bills of credit, to be legal tender in payment of any bargains, contracts, debts, dues, or demands whatsoever; and every clause or provision which shall hereafter be inserted in any act, order, resolution, or vote of assembly, contrary to this act, shall be null and void."
  26. ""Mr. Govr. MORRIS moved to strike out "and emit bills on the credit of the U. States"-If the United States had credit such bills would be unnecessary: if they had not, unjust & useless. ... On the motion for striking out N. H. ay. Mas. ay. Ct ay. N. J. no. Pa. ay. Del. ay. Md. no. Va. ay. N. C. ay. S. C. ay. Geo. ay."". Avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
  27. US Constitution Article 1, Section 10. "no state shall ..emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts;"
  28. British Parliamentary reports on international finance: the Cunliffe Committee and the Macmillan Committee reports. Ayer Publishing. 1978. ISBN 978-0-405-11212-6. "description of the founding of Bank of England: 'Its foundation in 1694 arose out the difficulties of the Government of the day in securing subscriptions to State loans. Its primary purpose was to raise and lend money to the State and in consideration of this service it received under its Charter and various Act of Parliament, certain privileges of issuing bank notes. The corporation commenced, with an assured life of twelve years after which the Government had the right to annul its Charter on giving one year's notice. Subsequent extensions of this period coincided generally with the grant of additional loans to the State'"
  29. Johnson, Roger (December 1999). "Historical Beginnings... The Federal Reserve". Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. p. 8. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  30. Herrick, Myron (March 1908). "The Panic of 1907 and Some of Its Lessons". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  31. Flaherty, Edward (June 16, 1997, updated August 24, 2001). "A Brief History of Central Banking in the United States". Netherlands: University of Groningen.
  32. Whithouse, Michael (May 1989). "Paul Warburg's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States". The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  33. "For years members of the Jekyll Island Club would recount the story of the secret meeting and by the 1930s the narrative was considered a club tradition.". Jekyllislandhistory.com. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
  34. "Papers of Frank A.Vanderlip "I wish I could sit down with you and half a dozen others in the sort of conference that created the Federal Reserve Act"" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-04-30.
  35. "The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 - A Legislative History". Llsdc.org. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
  36. "Affixes His Signature at 6:02 P.M., Using Four Gold Pens.". New York Times. 1913-12-24. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
  37. "Paul Warburg's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States". The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
  38. d "America's Unknown Enemy: Beyond Conspiracy". American Institute of Economic Research.
  39. "Congressional Record - House". Scribd.com. 1913-12-22. p. 1465. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  40. "Congressional Record - Senate". Scribd.com. 1913-12-23. p. 1468. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  41. BoG 2005, pp. 2
  42. "Federal Reserve Act". Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. May 14, 2003. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008.
  43. BoG 2006, pp. 1
  44. Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke Before the National Economists Club, Washington, D.C. (2002-11-21). "Deflation: Making Sure "It" Doesn't Happen Here". Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
  45. Bernanke, Ben (2003-10-24). "Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke: At the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Conference on the Legacy of Milton and Rose Friedman's Free to Choose, Dallas, Texas" (text).
  46. BoG 2005, pp. 113
  47. BoG 2005, pp. 83
  48. lender of last resort, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, retrieved May 21, 2010
  49. Griffin, G. Edward (2002). The Creature from Jekyll Island: A Second Look at the Federal Reserve. American Media. ISBN 978-0-912986-39-5.
  50. "The Federal Reserve, Monetary Policy and the Economy—Everyday Economics—FRB Dallas". Dallasfed.org. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  51. "Press Release: Federal Reserve Board, with full support of the Treasury Department, authorizes the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to lend up to $85 billion to the American International Group (AIG)". Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve. 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  52. Andrews, Edmund L.; de la Merced, Michael J.; Walsh, Mary Williams (2008-09-16). "Fed's $85 Billion Loan Rescues Insurer". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  53. "How Currency Gets into Circulation". Federal Reserve Bank of New York. June 2008. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  54. "Annual Production Figures". Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  55. "Federal Funds". Federal Reserve Bank of New York. August 2007. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  56. Cook, Timothy Q.; Laroche, Robert K., eds (1993). "Instruments of the Money Market". Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  57. "FRB: Speech-Kohn, The Evolving Role of the Federal Reserve Banks". Federalreserve.gov. 2006-11-03. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  58. Federal Reserve System "Template:Citation error". Retrieved 2013-09-30. "The Board of Governors, the Federal Reserve Banks, and the Federal Reserve System as a whole are all subject to several levels of audit and review. Under the Federal Banking Agency Audit Act (enacted in 1978 as Public Law 95-320), which authorizes the Comptroller General of the United States to audit the Federal Reserve System, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) has conducted numerous reviews of Federal Reserve activities"[dead link]
  59. "Federal Reserve System Current and Future Challenges Require System wide Attention: Statement of Charles A. Bowsher". United States General Accounting Office. 1996-07-26. Retrieved 2011-08-29. Under the Federal Banking Agency Audit Act, 31 U.S.C. section 714(b), our audits of the Federal Reserve Board and Federal Reserve banks may not include (1) transactions for or with a foreign central bank or government, or nonprivate international financing organization; (2) deliberations, decisions, or actions on monetary policy matters; (3) transactions made under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee; or (4) a part of a discussion or communication among or between members of the Board of Governors and officers and employees of the Federal Reserve System related to items (1), (2), or (3). See Federal Reserve System Audits: Restrictions on GAO's Access (GAO/T-GGD-94-44), statement of Charles A. Bowsher. The real purpose of this historic "duck hunt" was to formulate a plan for U.S. banking and currency reform that Aldrich could present to Congress.
  60. "About The Audit". Audit the Fed Coalition. 2009. Retrieved 2011-08-29. Although the Fed is currently audited by outside agencies, these audits are not thorough and do not include monetary policy decisions or agreements with foreign central banks and governments. The crucial issue of Federal Reserve transparency requires an analysis of 31 USC 714, the section of U.S. Code which establishes that the Federal Reserve may be audited by the Government Accountability Office (GAO), but which simultaneously severely restricts what the GAO may in fact audit. Essentially, the GAO is only allowed to audit check-processing, currency storage and shipments, and some regulatory and bank examination functions, etc. The most important matters, which directly affect the strength of the dollar and the health of the financial system, are immune from oversight.
  61. "An Open Letter to the U.S. House of Representatives". Audit the Fed Coalition. 2009. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  62. Reddy, Sudeep (2009-11-23). "Congress Grows Fed Up Despite Central Bank's Push". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2011-08-29.The Fed's ability to influence Congress is diluted by public anger. A July 2009 Gallup Poll found only 30% Americans thought the Fed was doing a good or excellent job, a rating even lower than that for the Internal Revenue Service, which drew praise from 40%.
  63. Schmidt, Robert (2009-06-05). "Fed Intends to Hire Lobbyist in Campaign to Buttress Its Image". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  64. "Board Actions taken during the week ending July 25, 2009". Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  65. "VP Linda Robertson to join Federal Reserve System". The Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  66. Mark Calabria, Bert Ely, Congressman Ron Paul, Gilbert Schwartz. (2009-06-24). Ron Paul: Bringing Transparency to the Federal Reserve. Cato Institute: FORA.tv.. Event occurs at 00:11:04. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  67. BoG 2005, pp. 4–5
  68. See example: "Advantages of Being/Becoming a State Chartered Bank". Arkansas State Bank Department. 2009-03-31. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  69. "U.S. Code Title 12, Chapter 3, Subchapter 7, Section 301. Powers and duties of board of directors; suspension of member bank for undue use of bank credit". Law.cornell.edu. 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  70. "U.S. Code: Title 18, Part 1, Chapter 47, section 1014. Loan and credit applications generally; renewals and discounts; crop insurance". Law.cornell.edu. 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  71. BoG 2005, pp. 83–85
  72. "Federal Reserve Board: Payments Systems". Federalreserve.gov. 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  73. "Is The Fed Public Or Private?" Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  74. Template:Usc.
  75. "FRB: Board Members". Federalreserve.gov. 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  76. See Template:Usc.
  77. See Template:Usc
  78. "Membership of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1914–Present". Federalreserve.gov. 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  79. Goldstein, Steve (December 27, 2011). "Obama to nominate Stein, Powell to Fed board". MarketWatch. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
  80. "Jerome Powell: Visiting Scholar". Bipartisan Policy Center. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
  81. Lanman, Scott; Runningen, Roger (December 27, 2011). "Obama to Choose Powell, Stein for Fed Board". Bloomberg LP. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
  82. Robb, Greg (April 29, 2010). "Obama nominates 3 to Federal Reserve board". MarketWatch. Retrieved April 29, 2010.
  83. Lanman, Scott (September 30, 2010). "Yellen, Raskin Win Senate Approval for Fed Board of Governors". Bloomberg LP. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
  84. Censky, Annalyn (February 10, 2011). "Fed inflation hawk Warsh resigns". CNNMoney. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
  85. Chan, Sewell (February 10, 2011). "Sole Fed Governor With Close Ties to Conservatives Resigns". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
  86. Robb, Greg (March 28, 2012). "Senator to block quick vote on Fed picks: report". MarketWatch. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  87. Robb, Greg, "Stein sworn in as Fed governor", MarketWatch, May 30, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
  88. "Laws of the Fed". Retrieved July, 14 2010.[dead link]
  89. BoG 2005, pp. 11–12
  90. "FRB: Federal Reserve Bank Presidents". Federalreserve.gov. 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  91. "US CODE: Title 12, Subchapter VII—Directors of Federal Reserve Banks; Reserve Agents and Assistants". Law.cornell.edu. 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  92. "Who owns the Federal Reserve Bank?". Retrieved October, 16 2010.
  93. "Section 2.3 Subscription to Stock by National Banks". Federal Reserve Act. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. December 14, 2010. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
  94. "Section 5.1 Amount of Shares; Increase and Decrease of Capital; Surrender and Cancellation of Stock". Federal Reserve Act. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. December 14, 2010. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
  95. Woodward, G. Thomas (1996-07-31). "Money and the Federal Reserve System: Myth and Reality – CRS Report for Congress, No. 96-672 E". Congressional Research Service Library of Congress. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
  96. "The Federal Reserve Board 2009 Annual Report – Federal Reserve Banks Combined Financial Statements". Federalreserve.gov. 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  97. Kennedy C. Scott v. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, et al., 406 F.3d 532 (8th Cir. 2005).
  98. 680 F.2d 1239 (9th Cir. 1982).
  99. Michael D. Reagan, "The Political Structure of the Federal Reserve System," American Political Science Review, Vol. 55 (March 1961), pp. 64-76, as reprinted in Money and Banking: Theory, Analysis, and Policy, p. 153, ed. by S. Mittra (Random House, New York 1970).
  100. "Federal Reserve Membership". Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
  101. Reddy, Sudeep (2009-08-31 August 31, 2009). "What would a federal reserve audit show". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  102. [1]
  103. Docket entry 31, Bloomberg, L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, case no. 1:08-cv-09595-LAP, U.S. District Court for the District of New York.
  104. Keoun,Kuntz,Benedetti-Valentini,Buhayar,Campbell,Condon,Finch,Frye,Griffin,Harper,Hyuga,Ivry,Kirchfeld,Kopecki,Layne,Logutenkova,Martens,Moore,Mustoe,Son,Sterngold. "The Fed’s Secret Liquidity Lifelines". Bloomberg. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  105. Torres, Craig (March 31, 2011). "Fed Releases Discount-Window Loan Records Under Court Order". Businessweek. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  106. "FRB: Federal Open Market Committee". Federalreserve.gov. 2011-08-22. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  107. d Federal Reserve Education—Monetary Policy Basics[dead link]
  108. BoG 2005, pp. 27
  109. The Federal Reserve System In Action—Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond[dead link]
  110. "FRB: Monetary Policy, Open Market Operations". Federalreserve.gov. 2010-01-26. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  111. "FRB: Monetary Policy, the Discount Rate". Federalreserve.gov. 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  112. "FRB: Monetary Policy, Reserve Requirements". Federalreserve.gov. 2010-10-26. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  113. "Open Market Operations". New York Federal Reserve Bank. August 2007. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
  114. "Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Transactions—Fedpoints—Federal Reserve Bank of New York". Ny.frb.org. August 2007. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  115. Federal Reserve Bank San Francisco( 2004)
  116. Patricia S. Pollard (February 2003). "A Look Inside Two Central Banks: The European Central Bank And The Federal Reserve". Review (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis) 85 (2): 11–30. doi:10.3886/ICPSR01278. OCLC 1569030.
  117. BoG 2005, pp. 30
  118. BoG 2005, pp. 29–30
  119. BoG 2005, pp. 31
  120. Feinman, Joshua N. (June 1993). "Reserve Requirements: History, Current Practice, and Potential Reform" (PDF). Federal Reserve Bulletin: 569–589. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  121. "FRB: Press Release-Board announces that it will begin to pay interest on depository institutions required and excess reserve balances-October 6, 2008". Federal Reserve. 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  122. "FRB: Temporary Auction Facility FAQ". Federalreserve.gov. 2009-01-12. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  123. "FRB: Press Release-Federal Reserve intends to continue term TAF auctions as necessary". Federalreserve.gov. 2007-12-21. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  124. "FRB press release: Announcement of the creation of the Term Securities Lending Facility". Federal Reserve. 2008-03-11. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  125. "Fed Seeks to Limit Slump by Taking Mortgage Debt". bloomberg.com. 12 March 2008. "The step goes beyond past initiatives because the Fed can now inject liquidity without flooding the banking system with cash...Unlike the newest tool, the past steps added cash to the banking system, which affects the Fed's benchmark interest rate...By contrast, the TSLF injects liquidity by lending Treasuries, which doesn't affect the federal funds rate. That leaves the Fed free to address the mortgage crisis directly without concern about adding more cash to the system than it wants"
  126. "Federal Reserve Announces Establishment of Primary Dealer Credit Facility—Federal Reserve Bank of New York". Newyorkfed.org. 2008-03-16. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  127. Lanman, Scott (2008-03-20). "Fed Says Securities Firms Borrow $28.8 Bln With New Financing". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  128. "Primary Dealer Credit Facility: Frequently Asked Questions—Federal Reserve Bank of New York". Newyorkfed.org. 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  129. "Fed Announces Emergency Steps to Ease Credit Crisis – Economy". Reuters. Cnbc.com. 2008-03-17. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  130. "Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta—Examining the Federal Reserve's New Liquidity Measures". Frbatlanta.org. 2008-04-15. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  131. "Reserve Requirements of Depository Institutions Policy on Payment System Risk," 75 Federal Register 86 (5 May 2010), pp. 24384 – 24389.
  132. "Announcement of the creation of the Term Auction Facility—FRB: Press Release—Federal Reserve and other central banks announce measures designed to address elevated pressures in short-term funding markets". federalreserve.gov. 12 December 2007.
  133. "US banks borrow $50bn via new Fed facility". Financial Times. 18 February 2008. "Before its introduction, banks either had to raise money in the open market or use the so-called "discount window" for emergencies. However, last year many banks refused to use the discount window, even though they found it hard to raise funds in the market, because it was associated with the stigma of bank failure"
  134. "Fed Boosts Next Two Special Auctions to $30 Billion". Bloomberg. January 4, 2008. "The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System established the temporary Term Auction Facility, dubbed TAF, in December to provide cash after interest-rate cuts failed to break banks' reluctance to lend amid concern about losses related to subprime mortgage securities. The program will make funding from the Fed available beyond the 20 authorized primary dealers that trade with the central bank"
  135. "A dirty job, but someone has to do it". economist.com. 2007-12-13. Retrieved 2011-08-29. "The Fed's discount window, for instance, through which it lends direct to banks, has barely been approached, despite the soaring spreads in the interbank market. The quarter-point cuts in its federal funds rate and discount rate on December 11 were followed by a steep sell-off in the stockmarket...The hope is that by extending the maturity of central-bank money, broadening the range of collateral against which banks can borrow and shifting from direct lending to an auction, the central bankers will bring down spreads in the one- and three-month money markets. There will be no net addition of liquidity. What the central bankers add at longer-term maturities, they will take out in the overnight market. But there are risks. The first is that, for all the fanfare, the central banks' plan will make little difference. After all, it does nothing to remove the fundamental reason why investors are worried about lending to banks. This is the uncertainty about potential losses from subprime mortgages and the products based on them, and—given that uncertainty—the banks' own desire to hoard capital against the chance that they will have to strengthen their balance sheets."
  136. "Unclogging the system". economist.com. 2007-12-13. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  137. Robb, Greg (2007-12-12). "Fed, top central banks to flood markets with cash". Marketwatch.com. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  138. Chairman Ben S. Bernanke—The economic outlook Before the Committee on the Budget, U.S. House of Representatives January 17, 2008: http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/testimony/bernanke20080117a.htm
  139. Term Securities Lending Facility: Frequently Asked Questions: http://www.newyorkfed.org/markets/tslf_faq.html
  140. "Interest on Required Reserve Balances and Excess Balances". Federal Reserve Board. 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
  141. "Press Release – October 22, 2008". Federal Reserve Board. 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
  142. "Federal Reserve Board approves amendments to Regulation D authorizing Reserve Banks to offer term deposits". Federalreserve.gov. 2010-04-30. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  143. "Board authorizes small-value offerings of term deposits under the Term Deposit Facility". Federalreserve.gov. 2010-05-10. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  144. "Board authorizes ongoing small-value offerings of term deposits under the Term Deposit Facility". Federalreserve.gov. 2010-09-08. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  145. Zumbrun, Joshua (September 8, 2010). "Fed to Sell Term Deposits to Ensure Exit 'Readiness'". Bloomberg. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
  146. Testimony before the House Committee on Financial Services regarding "Unwinding Emergency Federal Reserve Liquidity Programs and Implications for Economic Recovery." March 25, 2010., also at GPO Access Serial No. 111–118 Retrieved September 10, 2010
  147. Template:Cite document
  148. Fed Action[dead link]
  149. Wilson, Linus; Wu, Yan (August 22, 2011). Does Receiving TARP Funds Make it Easier to Roll Your Commercial Paper Onto the Fed?. Social Science Electronic Publishing.
  150. Heard on All Things Considered (2010-08-26). "Federal Reserve Mortgage Purchase Program : Planet Money". NPR. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  151. "FRB: Economic Research & Data". Federalreserve.gov. 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  152. "Federal Reserve Board – Statistics: Releases and Historical Data". Federalreserve.gov. 2010-05-10. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  153. "St. Louis Fed: Economic Data – FRED". Research.stlouisfed.org. 2011-08-20. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  154. Federal Reserve Education – Economic Indicators[dead link]
  155. White, Lawrence H. (August 2005). "The Federal Reserve System's Influence on Research in Monetary Economics". Econ Journal Watch 2 (2): 325–354. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  156. FRB: Z.1 Release—Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States, Release Dates See the pdf documents from 1945 to 2007. The value for each year is on page 94 of each document (the 99th page in a pdf viewer) and duplicated on page 104 (109th page in pdf viewer). It gives the total assets, total liabilities, and net worth. This chart is of the net worth.
  157. "Discontinuance of M3". Federalreserve.gov. 2005-11-10. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  158. BoG 2006, pp. 10
  159. "Is the Fed’s Definition of Price Stability Evolving?". Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. November 9, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  160. "Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke - A perspective on inflation targeting". Federalreserve.gov. 2003-03-25. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  161. "What's The Fuss Over Inflation Targeting?". Businessweek.com. 2005-11-07. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  162. Bernanke, Ben S. (2005). The Inflation-Targeting Debate. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-04471-2. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  163. Lanman, S. and Kennedy, S. (2011-09-19). "Bernanke Joins King Tolerating Inflation". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
  164. O'Driscoll, Gerald P. Jr. (April 20, 2010). "An Economy of Liars". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
  165. Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers. "Death and Taxes, Including Inflation: the Public versus Economists" (January 2007).[2] p.56
  166. "Escaping from a Liquidity Trap and Deflation: The Foolproof Way and Others" Lars E.O. Svensson, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 17, Issue 4 Fall 2003, p145-166
  167. Phillips, Kevin (May 2008). "Numbers Racket – Why the Economy is Worse than We Know". Harper's Magazine: 43–47. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  168. Chicago Fed—Demonstrating Knowledge of the Fed: [3][dead link]
  169. "Federal Reserve Board—A-Z Listing of Board Publications". Federalreserve.gov. 2011-08-10. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  170. "96th Annual Report 2008 Federal Reserve" (PDF). Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. June 2009. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  171. "Factors Affecting Reserve Balances of Depository Institutions and Condition Statement of Federal Reserve Banks". Federal Reserve. Retrieved 2008-03-20.
  172. "The Federal Reserve Does Not Own Any Gold at All". Gold News. 2011-06-02. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  • 瀏覽次數：1246