In a previous chapter, definitions and examples were provided to help differentiate between the terms data, information, and knowledge. As was discussed, the term data is generally used in reference to representation of raw facts. This might include mathematical symbols or text that is used to identify, describe or represent something, such as a temperature or a person. We should also note that this definition of data is considered by some people to be rather narrow; the term is sometimes also used to include images, audio (sound), and video. For the purposes of our discussion in this chapter, we will focus on the more narrow definition of data.
Again referring to a previous chapter, information is data that is combined with meaning. A temperature reading of 10o will have a different meaning if it is combined with the term Fahrenheit or with the term Celsius. Additional meaning could be added if more context for the temperature reading is added, such as whether the reading was for a liquid (e.g., water) or a gas (e.g., air), or knowledge that the “normal” temperature for this time of year is 20 o.
As such, the term information is generally used to imply data combined with sufficient context to provide meaning for a human being.
Knowledge can thought of as information that is combined with experience, context, interpretation and reflection. We will expand on this definition as we discuss specific examples later in this chapter.
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