Debugging

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When you start working with objects, you are likely to encounter some new exceptions. If you try to access an attribute that doesn’t exist, you get an AttributeError:

>>> p = Point()>>> print p.zAttributeError: Point instance has no attribute 'z'

If you are not sure what type an object is, you can ask:

>>> type(p)<type '__main__.Point'>

If you are not sure whether an object has a particular attribute, you can use the built-in function hasattr:

>>> hasattr(p, 'x')True>>> hasattr(p, 'z')False

The first argument can be any object; the second argument is a string that contains the name of the attribute.