The focus in the mass production and sorting paradigm is on productivity. Customers are often contacted through mass advertising sales promotion. The product is defined with the customer in mind but without direct customer involvement. Figure 1.4(b) illustrates this quality paradigm. Cost is usually relatively low and delivery time is typically short since sales are from stock on hand. Examples include office buildings, hand tools, electronic components, bank counter services, clothes cleaning services and agricultural production. This paradigm emerged with mass production technology (mechanization or automation), mass markets and automated inspection and testing technology, etc. Service organizations in this paradigm still tend to be rather labour-intensive, whereas manufacturing and agricultural production in this paradigm tend to be very mechanized.
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