Representative definitions from academia include the following:
An MNC is “a cluster of corporations of diverse nationality joined together by ties of common ownership and responsive to common management strategy.” 1
An MNC "owns and manages businesses in two or more countries. It is an agency of direct, as opposed to portfolio, investment in foreign countries, holding and managing the underlying physical assets rather than securities based upon these assets." 2
An MNC is “a business organization that has its roots in one country and operations of various sorts in another.” 3
Finally, Charles Kindleberger, among others, distinguishes among national firms that carry on foreign operations, multinational firms that seek to integrate extensively into each national community in which activities are carried on, and international corporations that truly function as integrated, world economic units. 4
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