您在這裡

National and state learning standards

26 七月, 2019 - 10:10
Available under Creative Commons-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/ce6c5eb6-84d3-4265-9554-84059b75221e@2.1

Some (but not all) of the work of transforming such general purposes into more precise teaching goals and even more precise objectives has been performed by broad US organizations that represent educators and other experts about particular subjects or types of teaching (Riley, 2002). The groups have proposed national standards, which are summaries of what students can reasonably be expected to learn at particular grade levels and in particular subjects areas. In the United States, in addition, all state governments create state standards that serve much the same purpose: they express what students in the state should (and hopefully can) learn at all grade levels and in all subjects. Examples of organizations that provide national standards are listed in Table 10.1, and examples of state standards are listed in Table 10.2 for one particular state, Ohio, in the area of language arts.

Table 10.1 Organizations with statements of US educational standards

Subject

Organization

English and Language Arts

Council of Teachers of English American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages

Mathematics

National Council of Teachers of Mathematics

Physical Education and Health

National Association for Sport and Physical Education American Cancer Society

Science

National Academies of Science American Association for the Advancement of Science

Social Studies

National Council for the Social Studies Center for Civic Education National Council on Economic Education National Geographic Society National Center for History in the Schools

Technology

International Society for Technology in Education

Other Specialized Standards Statements

 

American Indian Content Standards

Center for Educational Technology in Indian America

Ethical Standards for School Counselors

American School Counselors Association

Information Literacy Standards

American Association of School Librarians

Business Education

National Business Education Association

Parent Education and Involvement

Parent-Teacher Association (PTA)

 

Source: <http://www.education-world.com/standards>, accessed December 5, 2006.

Summaries of all of these standards, as well as access to the relevant web pages of the corresponding organizations, can be found at this website. Because standards are revised continually, and because of the dynamic nature of websites, the information may differ slightly from the above when you actually access it.

Table 10.2 Examples of state curriculum standards about language arts

Grade-level:

Classroom example:

Kindergarten-Grade 3: Read accurately high frequency sight words.

Play a game: “How many words can you see around the classroom that you can read already?"

Grade 4-7: Infer word meaning through identification and analysis of analogies and other word relationships.

Have students keep a journal of unfamiliar words which they encounter and of what they think the words mean.

Grade 8-10: Recognize the importance and function of figurative language.

Have students write a brief essay explaining the meaning of a common figure of speech, and speculating on why it became common usage.

Grade 8-10: Recognize the importance and function of figurative language.

Have students write a brief essay explaining the meaning of a common figure of speech, and speculating on why it became common usage.

Grade 11-12: Verify meanings of words by the author's use of definition, restatement, example, comparison, contrast and cause and effect.

Have students analyze an essay that includes unfamiliar terms using clues in the essay to determine their meaning.

 

Source for standards: Ohio Department of Education, 2003, p. 30-31