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A model of motivation that integrates many ideas about motivation, including those in this chapter, has been developed by Carole Ames (1990, 1992). The acronym or abbreviated name for the program is TARGET, which stands for six elements of effective motivation:
- Task
- Authority
- Recognition
- Grouping
- Evaluating
- Time
Each of the elements contributes to students' motivation either directly or indirectly.
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