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| anneal | in molecular biology, the process by which two single strands of DNA hydrogen bond at complementary nucleotides to form a double-stranded molecule |
| biomarker | an individual protein that is uniquely produced in a diseased state |
| biotechnology | the use of artificial methods to modify the genetic material of living organisms or cells to produce novel compounds or to perform new functions |
| cloning | the production of an exact copy—specifically, an exact genetic copy—of a gene, cell, or organism |
| gel electrophoresis | a technique used to separate molecules on the basis of their ability to migrate through a semisolid gel in response to an electric current |
| gene therapy | the technique used to cure heritable diseases by replacing mutant genes with good genes |
| genetic engineering | alteration of the genetic makeup of an organism using the molecular methods of biotechnology |
| genetic map | an outline of genes and their location on a chromosome that is based on recombination frequencies between markers |
| genetic testing | identifying gene variants in an individual that may lead to a genetic disease in that individual |
| genetically modified organism (GMO) | an organism whose genome has been artificially changed |
| genomics | the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species |
| metagenomics | the study of the collective genomes of multiple species that grow and interact in an environmental niche |
| model organism | a species that is studied and used as a model to understand the biological processes in other species represented by the model organism |
| pharmacogenomics | the study of drug interactions with the genome or proteome; also called toxicogenomics |
| physical map | a representation of the physical distance between genes or genetic markers |
| plasmid | a small circular molecule of DNA found in bacteria that replicates independently of the main bacterial chromosome; plasmids code for some important traits for bacteria and can be used as vectors to transport DNA into bacteria in genetic engineering applications |
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | a technique used to make multiple copies of DNA |
| protein signature | a set of over- or under-expressed proteins characteristic of cells in a particular diseased tissue |
| proteomics | study of the function of proteomes |
| recombinant DNA | a combination of DNA fragments generated by molecular cloning that does not exist in nature |
| recombinant protein | a protein that is expressed from recombinant DNA molecules |
| reproductive cloning | cloning of entire organisms |
| restriction enzyme | an enzyme that recognizes a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA and cuts the DNA double strand at that recognition site, often with a staggered cut leaving short single strands or “sticky” ends |
| reverse genetics | a form of genetic analysis that manipulates DNA to disrupt or affect the product of a gene to analyze the gene’s function |
| transgenic | describing an organism that receives DNA from a different species |
| whole genome sequencing | a process that determines the nucleotide sequence of an entire genome |
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