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| anaphase | the stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other |
| binary fission | the process of prokaryotic cell division |
| cell cycle checkpoints | mechanisms that monitor the preparedness of a eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell cycle stages |
| cell cycle | the ordered sequence of events that a cell passes through between one cell division and the next |
| cell plate | a structure formed during plant-cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles fusing at the metaphase plate; will ultimately lead to formation of a cell wall to separate the two daughter cells |
| centriole | a paired rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each animal cell centrosome |
| cleavage furrow | a constriction formed by the actin ring during animal-cell cytokinesis that leads to cytoplasmic division |
| cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm following mitosis to form two daughter cells |
| diploid | describes a cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n) |
| FtsZ | a tubulin-like protein component of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important in prokaryotic cytokinesis (name origin: Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z) |
| G0 phase | a cell-cycle phase distinct from the G1 phase of interphase; a cell in G0 is not preparing to divide |
| G1 phase | (also, first gap) a cell-cycle phase; first phase of interphase centered on cell growth during mitosis |
| G2 phase | (also, second gap) a cell-cycle phase; third phase of interphase where the cell undergoes the final preparations for mitosis |
| gamete | a haploid reproductive cell or sex cell (sperm or egg) |
| gene | the physical and functional unit of heredity; a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific peptide or RNA molecule |
| genome | the entire genetic complement (DNA) of an organism |
| haploid | describes a cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n) |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes of the same length with genes in the same location; diploid organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes, and the members of each pair come from different parents |
| interphase | the period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G1, S, and G2 phases; the interim between two consecutive cell divisions |
| kinetochore | a protein structure in the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase |
| locus | the position of a gene on a chromosome |
| metaphase plate | the equatorial plane midway between two poles of a cell where the chromosomes align during metaphase |
| metaphase | the stage of mitosis during which chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate |
| mitosis | the period of the cell cycle at which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| mitotic phase | the period of the cell cycle when duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei and the cytoplasmic contents are divided; includes mitosis and cytokinesis |
| mitotic spindle | the microtubule apparatus that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis |
| oncogene | a mutated version of a proto-oncogene, which allows for uncontrolled progression of the cell cycle, or uncontrolled cell reproduction |
| origin | the region of the prokaryotic chromosome at which replication begins |
| prometaphase | the stage of mitosis during which mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores |
| prophase | the stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form |
| proto-oncogene | a normal gene that controls cell division by regulating the cell cycle that becomes an oncogene if it is mutated |
| quiescent | describes a cell that is performing normal cell functions and has not initiated preparations for cell division |
| S phase | the second, or synthesis phase, of interphase during which DNA replication occurs |
| septum | a wall formed between bacterial daughter cells as a precursor to cell separation |
| telophase | the stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by new nuclear envelopes |
| tumor suppressor gene | a gene that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division |
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